Limited and/or scarce resources are among the main triggers for ethical dilemmas both during armed conflict and during other emergencies.

Dual loyalty and/or mixed obligation refers to issues that emerge out the adherence to two different roles or professions. They have been defined as defined as "clinical role conflict between professional duties to a patient and obligations, express or implied, real or perceived, to the interests of a third party such as an employer, an insurer or the state."

Ethical issues arising out of the neutrality of the medical personnel

We are talking of the misuse of medical knowledge or resources if they are employed with aims other than the benefit of the patient (or a larger group of patients in the case of public health emergencies).

Ethically or legally problematic situations also emerge if the persons involved do not have the necessary knowledge about legal rules or ethical guidelines.
Similaryl, intercultural differences can add to the complexity of a situation, namely during missions abroad.

The medical treatment of captured and detained persons can create difficult situation for physicians, both during conflicts and also in peacetime.

For example removal of the protective emblem, armament of HCP, combtant role of HCP

Ethical issues that arise in the context of civil-military cooperation. Often, the different roles and (self-) perception of civilian and military actors can lead to ethical issues on the ground.

Research is both important for the advancement of medicine and highly problematic from an ethical perspective for a number of reasons. Medical research in a military context can prove to be ethically even more questionable than in civilian contexts.

This category should only be used in seldom cases if the example does not fit any of the other categories. If too many cases end up here (i.e. uncategorised), we will add new categories to group them.